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The Avro Vulcan was designed to carry a range of different weapons. This page
briefly explains a little about the main types which were carried by the Vulcan
fleet
The picture above shows the United Kingdom's first operational nuclear weapon. It was called Blue Danube and was a free fall device, capable of delivering a 15 kilo-ton yield. The Avro Vulcan, and other V-force aircraft, were all designed to carry this bomb. Only around 20 were produced. It had retractable fins to allow easier loading into the bomb bay. It was a fission bomb.
Blue Steel on display in hangar at IWM Duxford By providing the ability to attack a target from outside the range of an enemy's defences, the Blue Steel air-to-surface thermonuclear missile provided to be an effective weapon used by the V-force. Work on the weapon began in the mid 1950's. A four-year test programme, which included firing in both Australia and the UK, saw the missile enter production in 1959. By 1963 the missile was being delivered to RAF squadrons around the county. The main quality of this weapon was the fact that, once released, it required no further signals from outside. This meant it was impossible for it to be jammed or diverted by enemy counter-measures.
Blue Steel on display in hangar at IWM Duxford It had an operating range of 100 miles. Around four seconds after being deployed by the carrier aircraft the missile's Rolls Royce Stentor rocket motor would ignite and propel the missile to an altitude of 70,000ft at a speed in excess of 1000 mph. The missile was claimed to be accurate to within 300ft in ideal conditions. Although an effective weapon, the Blue Steel did present a number of problems to RAF ground crew. Not least of which was the highly dangerous nature of the missile fuel, and the fact that the complicated electronics used to guide the missile had to be protected from environmental extremes to prevent malfunction. The later problem was reduced by storing the missile in specially constructed heated, air-conditioned storage facilities.
Blue Steel on display at RAF Museum Cosford
The Yellow Sun thermonuclear bomb was a free-fall weapon supplied to the V-force. Yellow Sun was not carried by the Valiant. All
three V-bombers were fitted with an integrated wiring system, circa 1958, that
would make them compatible with three new weapons that were due to enter
service: Yellow Sun, Red Beard and the US Mk-5. Megaton tests using Valiants used Blue Danube carcasses containing experimental warheads. The Green Grass warhead in Mk1 Yellow Sun was never tested! Yellow Sun underwent successful trials off Christmas Island, and was operationally deployed in 1962, at the time of the Cuban missile Crisis.
The weapon was replaced by the WE177. The WE177 free-fall thermonuclear bomb entered service with the RAF in 1966. Its origins can be traced back to 1957 when a joint Naval/Air Staff requirement asked for a medium or low level deployed nuclear device. This, incidentally, was intended for use on the TSR 2 aircraft, which never entered military service. Despite the cancellation of the TSR-2 programme the trails of WE177 continued and the weapon was given to the RAF V-force. During its operational life there were three variants. Type A Known as a 600 pounder, this variant housed a single stage warhead capable of delivering two selectable low yield loads. It was deployed mainly by the Royal Navy as an anti-submarine weapon between 1969 and 1992. Type B The type B was the first of the three variants to be deployed, when it was issued to V-force Vulcan aircraft in 1966 as part of the United Kingdom's strategic nuclear deterrent. It was a two stage device capable of delivering a higher yield than either A or C variants. Type C This variant was used mainly by the RAF and was similar in many ways to the type B. In fact many of the components were inter-changeable between the B & C variant.
WE117 Type A on the left (note : no external wring duct) Image (c) David Farrant.
WE117 Type B or C
Internal construction of the WE117
Between 1966 and 1998 most RAF strike aircraft were capable of delivering all variants of the WE177. The weapon had a number of release options including : Water Lay Down Low Level Release High Level Release Toss Realise The crew of the delivery aircraft were able to set the WE177 to ground-burst or air-burst, thus allowing greater tactical options to the commander-in-chief should the weapon need to be deployed. With an overall in-service life of 32 years the WE177 was the longest serving of all the UK's nuclear weapons. On 21st April 1998, the final operational loading of WE177 took place at RAF Marham. Shortly after this, the RAF withdrew the WE177 from service. Since this point the RAF has become a non-nuclear force.
Close up of a 1000lb iron bomb
21 1000lb bombs displayed at RAF Museum Hendon
Racks used to hold the iron bombs whilst in flight Although the Vulcan was capable of delivering a thermonuclear payload, it was also able to carry conventional bombs in its huge bomb bay. Twenty-One 1000lb bombs could be carried at any time. High Explosive Iron Bombs were the only weapons used in "anger" by the Vulcan. We should be glad that the V -force was never asked to deliver its nuclear payload.
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